The most capable carrier based fighter of the Second World War proved to be the Chance Vought F4U Corsair. This big, fast and maneuverable Navy and Marine fighter was designed around the Pratt and Whitney XR-2800 Double Wasp engine, which was designed to be the most powerful aircraft engine in the world at that time. This very successful twin row 18-cylinder radial engine initially produced about 1850 HP and extremely produced about 2,450 HP with water injection by the end of the war.
The US Navy requested proposals for new carrier based fighter in February 1938 and Vought came up with a design that extremely became the Corsair. The basic idea for the new fighter was a fairly simple concept: the smallest airframe that would allow use of the proposed 1,850 HP Pratt and Whitney Double Wasp radial engine. The Navy preferred air-cooled radial engines due to their greater reliability and ability to absorb battle damage and still function (compared to liquid-cooled engines).
The most distinct feature of the new Vought fighter was its "cranked" or inverted gull wing. It gave the V-166B (as it was known inside the company) a unique look among WW II fighters, a look that is still popular today. Model airplane retailers say that the P-51 Mustang and F4U Corsair are by far the most popular WW II fighter models. The inverted gull wing was designed to raise the nose of the airplane farther from the ground without unduly lengthening the undercarriage. The reason was to allow the use of the largest possible diameter propeller in order to make most efficient use of the engine's high power. The propeller selected was a three-bladed Hamilton-Standard Hydromatic constant speed model.
In October the XF4U-1, as the Navy called it, achieved a speed of 404 MPH in level flight, the first US made aircraft to do so. Armament was a mix of .30 and .50 caliber machine guns mounted in the wings and cowl.
The XF4U-1 also became the first Navy fighter to encounter "shock stall". This insidious problem affected the first generation of US fighters to achieve high mach numbers in a dive and was due to their lack of laminar flow wings. In other words, the F4U, P-38 and P-47 all had wings that were thick in cross section, which provided high lift, but caused the early formation of shock waves as the air flow over them reached supersonic speds in high altitude, High speed dives. These standing shock waves degraded the lift normally provided by the wings, resulting in an incrementally steep and faster dive from which the pilot could not pull out until the plane reached the thicker air of lower altitudes, where drag increased enough to slow the plumeting aircraft and Typically return control to the pilot. Such uncontrolled dives were terrifying and could be fatal if they happened over mountainous terrain where the pilot might run out of altitude before enough speed bled away to permit recovery.
A series of revisions were implemented as problems were identified. These included a more powerful 2,000 HP R-2800-8 engine and a revised fuel system, which required moving the cockpit 3 feet back to maintain a correct center of gravity. This had the unfortunate side effect of reducing the pilot's forward visibility in nose high attitudes, as when landing. The armament was revised and became 6-.50 caliber wing mounted machine guns (3 per wing).
F4U-1's reached the Marines fighting desperately to hold Guadalcanal, in the Solomon Islands, in February of 1943. Just in the nick of time, as the saying goes, as the outcome of that crucible turning-point battle was balanced on a razor's edge . The famous "Black Sheep" squadron of book and TV series fame immortalized the Corsair in the blue South Pacific skies.
The Marines found that the new fighter at last wave them superior over the Zero, as long as they did not try to turn with the lighter Japanese plane. The Corsair was much faster than the Zero, had a better roll rate and could dive away to safety when necessary. Corsair pilots established a very satisfactory kill ratio against Japanese fighters and helped turn the tide in the Solomons (and later battles). The F4U-1 had a top speed of 393 mph at 25,000 ft. Later water injection was added to the radial engine, raising the top speed to 415 mph
Although US Navy and Marine pilots operated the Corsair from a multitude of airfields hewn from Pacific atolls, it was not until April 1944 that the Navy cleared the powerful fighter for shipboard use. This delay was primarily due to the Corsair's high (for the time) landing speed and the pilot's limited forward visibility over the big radar engine when landing. By that time the British Royal Navy had been operating Corsair fighters from aircraft carrier decks for nine months.
The definitive Corsair was the F4U-4. Major improvements evident in the F4U-4 included a four-bladed Hamilton Standard Hydromatic propeller, a new cockpit layout, a clear view sliding hood, a two phase turbo-supercharged engine and under wing attachment points for 8-5 inch rockets or bombs. The new engine pumped out 2,450 HP with water injection and that plus the four-bladed propeller improved both speed and climb rate. Most F4U-4's retained the standard armament of 6-50. Caliber wing mounted machine guns, but some 297 F4U-4B's were produced with 4-20mm cannons in place of machine guns.
The F4U-4 had a length of 33 ft 8 in., Wingspan of 40ft 11.75 in, with a height of 14 ft 9 in. It had the P & W R-2000-18W which produced 2325 hp at 2800 RPM. This wave it a max speed of 435 mph at 15,000 ft; It could climb to 20,000 from sea level in 5 min. It had a range of 1005 cruising at 214 mph at 15,000 ft. Its service ceiling was 38,400 ft. Empty it weighed in at 9,167 lbs, with a loaded weight of 12, 405 lbs. Its armament was usually 3.50 caliber machine guns in each wing. It could carry 2000 lbs of bombs under the fuselage or eight 5 inch rockets under the wings. A later version, the F4U-5 was produced in fighter, fighter bomber, reconnaissance and night fighter variants.
The final order for 94 Corsair fighter-bombers came from the French Navy and were designated F4U-7. They were similar to the fighter bomber variant of the F4U-5. Many of these aircraft saw combat in Indo-China. The final F4U-7 Corsair was completed on 31 Jan 1953.
Unlike most American piston engine fighters (but like the P-51), the Corsair continued to serve long after the end of WW II. Corsairs served in three major wars, the Second World War, the Korean War and with the French in Indochina (Vietnam). It also served as a carrier based fighter with the British Royal Navy during and after the war and with the navies and air forces of a number of minor powers. In the post WW II years it was employed primarily as a ground attack fighter, a role for which it was well suited.
One Corsair, piloted by the redoubtable Charles Lindbergh, delivered 4,000 pounds of bombs in an attack at Wotje Atoll. Another Corsair received an official citation for flying 100 combat missions and 80,000 miles in service. Interviews conducted after the war revealed that Japanese fighter pilots considered the F4U to be the best all-around American fighter. Altogether, there were 12,571 Corsairs produced. It is believed there may be as many as 28 still flying.
The Corsair was, without a doubt, one of the great fighters of WW II and just about the first carrier based fighter that could hold its own with the best land based fighters. The respect shown by its adversaries and its key role in the Pacific Theater of the Second World War, not to mention its later service during the Korean War, are really all the testimonials this great fighter plane needs.